Orlando Benito, Area II clinical psychologist in Manchester, we refer these comments to the article "disciplinary knowledge, Postmodernism and Globalization: A CALL TO MAKE THE GIRO REFLECTIVE" DONALD SCHÖN TRADE IN CONNECTION WITH A MENTAL HEALTH ", by Marcelo Pakman, published in the journal Gallery No. 13-14 and originally in Cybernetics and Human Knowing, vol 7, No. 2-3, 2000.
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"Psychology can never tell the truth about the madness because it is the madness that holds true of psychology psychology (...) can never tame the madness (...) because psychology was made possible in our world only when the madness had been dominated and excluded from the drama. And when it reappears in bursts and screams illuminators, in Nerval and Artaud, Roussel Nietschze or is the psychology which is silent, without words, with this language that borrows own meaning from this tragic division of that freedom, which, for modern man, only the existence of "psychologists" allows you to forget. Michel Foucault ( 1987, p. 37.87)
Packman begins his article with this appointment. Foucault believed that the scientific classification meant to assign and separate groups of people how normal or abnormal. " Practices "divisive" and "scientific classification" were, according to Foucault, two forms of a process of objectification of the subject. Contrasting disciplines grew normally with pathology, outlining a legitimate field for themselves. Treatment practices are also heirs of those dividing practices. According to him, the madness was increasingly socially constructed as mental illness, and psychology was instrumental in this process. So the psychology is doomed to poorly understand the madness and the "injustice" because he was born as a result of the exclusion of madness, which still survives in just artistic.
The evolution leads to "modernism" which assumed that behind the observable reality that is studied is an underlying structure from which actors were unaware of the behavior.
Some concepts that became central in psychology and psychiatry discipline had previously interactional and systemic meanings that evolved over time to acquire meanings consistent with the modern spirit. Take for example the case of the term "delirium." In Roman times cultivation techniques expanded and unified. For economic reasons, Rome became interested in monitoring how farmers applied these techniques to be more productive fields. The image of large areas traversed by the rows of crops became a common vision of the landscape. Latin culture these parallel lines are called Liria. Each line was a delirium. Who were not able to follow liria when planted in saying that they would de-Liria, ie outside Liria. The farmer unable to follow the delirium, suffered a de-delirium. This is the etymological root of the word delirium, so central to psychopathology. The person was suffering delusions, unable to follow the directives of the supervisor, unable to follow the technique was undermined, deliberately or not, the economy of the Empire. It was an economic and social ... Some of the observed causes of this behavior (Delirium) were: intoxication, inability to understand, insanity or ill will. There was nothing in the concept of delirium that imply a lack of contact with reality or an internal process of the individual. It was a social, economic and political, not ontological or doctor.
Similar patterns of development found in other concepts such as "consciousness" that far from its original meaning of "meet together," he went on to describe a knowledge accessible only to yourself or SELF.
story continued with the description of the technical-rational epistemological models up to the current postmodern Lyotard designates as "the state of our culture as a result of the transformation since the end of S. Century, have altered the game of science, and art lilteratura. " Points to a "incredulity toward metanarratives" and the destruction of the project for universal in the spirit of modernism (Lyotard, 1993).
If all metanarratives, including justice, ethics and reason, have a history, culture and are then temporarily located, and there are eternal values \u200b\u200bthat modernism had assumed they were. We can no longer invoke any of these ideas and strategies universal legitimacy of the discourses that shape our daily lives. We have a world of competing narratives, none of which arguably is hierarchically above the other. There is no solid basis for human experience, there is an underlying truth. The story is a myth of origin, constructed retrospectively as political and social interests of this. Ethical positions can not be supported by appealing to principles that guide our conduct unchallenged. Objectivity, as something which corresponds to an independent reality, must be replaced by a consensus among the participants, pragmatic advantages for action in a particular domain. Constructivism in
as second order cybernetics and social constructionism are two movements born in the shadow of the postmodern spirit. (...)
The principle that "mental illness is a brain disease" is an example of this powerful narrative enhanced by laboratories psychotropic drugs manufactured by the propaganda of the media. (....)
Globalization Globalization is not, however, a project for which they lived or from which to live, is a project that already live around us.
globalizing trends have brought a high degree of homogeneity in institutional practices, including mental health institutions. New jargon has emerged with words crucial to identify those that slip in the new wave, struggling to stay "competitive" within the system: organizational consultants prescribe the "re-engineering for all institutions making the goal of "value for money with cost containment" and alignment with the dominant trends
(...) Once homogenized the specific practices in mental health institutions cloned committees (homogenized) decide which are the credentials right to practice a profession to "ensure quality" of work through multidisciplinary teams and try to implement practices of "measurable results" based on science. These practices begin with treatment plans and operate on well-defined diagnoses, reimbursed by health insurance companies and end with surveys of customer satisfaction. Although rationally justified as measures to improve the quality of service provision, we see that: the quality assurance committees and multidisciplinary teams often end up unifying and improving the documentation that becomes the true area of \u200b\u200bclinical work, consistently with the legal budget that is not written what did not happen.
Measuring results requires, again, a reliance on well-defined clinical entities that also promote the paperwork, so that qualitative research that could bring some rationality remains outside the process. The new generations of therapists are being guided by these roles trails are replacing the older disciplinary therapy and postmodern interests expel mental health.
trained physicians now almost exclusively on drug ... applying simplistic thought processes such as decision tree process for identifying and treating signs and symptoms. Representatives of psychotropic manufacturing laboratories have adopted a more aggressive style during his visits to doctors to openly influence the decision making process ... These intrusions are legitimized by some scientific articles on the neurobiology is limited to abstract effects of neurotransmitters, with no consideration for the complex nature incarnate and clinical practice. Countless training programs supplement the teaching academic legitimacy "that you. You need to know now. " In academia, the committees cloned unify undergraduate and graduate psychology, psychiatry and family therapy, closing a loop that trains professionals as clonal copies without major deviations from the knowledge / power required. Accreditation processes are guided, often for political or discriminatory.
The end result is a system that rewards similarity and designed in accordance with official practice, which are not imposed from above, but enthusiastically adopted by each worker whose mind has been formatted by the dominant system. "
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